DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Speech: (Narration)
1. Direct speech. (Exact Words of Speaker spoken by him or her.)
2. Indirect speech (Modified Words Spoken by other than Speaker.)
Example:
Direct: Sita said, “I have already cooked”.
Indirect: Sita said that she had already
cooked.
Note:
vReporter: The Speaker
vReporting Verb: The verb used by the speaker
vReported Speech: The Sentence written in between
inverted commas “------”
vVerb of Reported Speech: The verb of Reported Speech
Example:
She said to me, “I am
going to Jaipur.”
Ø
Reporter: She
Ø
Reporting verb: said
Ø
Reported speech: “I
am going to Jaipur”
Ø Verb of Reported Speech: Am Going
* Read and understand the changes in these
examples:
Statements: (Assertive/
Declarative/Affirmative/Negative)
DS: He said to me, “I never eat sweets.”
IDS: He told me that he never ate sweets.
DS: He said, “The sun sets in the west.”
IDS: He said that the sun sets in the west.
Interrogatives: (Yes or No
Questions)
DS: She said to me, “Are you going to college?”
IDS: She asked me whether I was going to
college.
DS: He said to me, “Can you write a letter?”
IDS: He asked if I could write a letter.
Interrogatives: (WH Question)
DS: Ram said to Sita, “Who are you?”
IDS: Ram asked Sita who she was.
DS: I said to Shyam, “Which class do you read
in?”
IDS: I asked Shyam which class he reads in.
Imperative sentences: (Order,
Request, Suggestion, Advice)
DS: She said to Ramu, “Please bring my book.”
IDS: She requested Ramu to bring her book.
DS: The Principal said to the students, “Get out
from office.”
IDS: The Principal ordered the students to get
out from office.
Exclamatory sentence: (Emotion,
Wish, Sorrow, happiness)
DS: He said, “What a beautiful girl Sita is!”
IDS: He exclaimed with surprise that Sita was a
beautiful girl.
DS: The captain said, “Well done! My friends.”
IDS: The captain exclaimed with applause that
his friends had done well.
Changes of Pronouns, Adverbials
etc.:
|
Direct Narration |
Indirect Narration |
|
This These Here Hence Hither Now Ago Thus Today Tomorrow Yesterday Last week |
That Those There Thence Thither Then Before So That day The next day The previous day The previous week etc. |
Tense of verb of Reported Speech
changes:
|
Direct Narration |
Indirect Narration |
|
Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Future simple: (Modals) Will Shall Can May Could Should Would Might |
Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous No changes No changes Would Should Could Might No changes No changes No changes No changes |
Illustrations:
(simple present - simple past)
He said,
"I want to see her."
He said
that he wanted to see her.
(present progressive- past progressive)
Ram said,
" I am going to sleep."
Ram said
that he was going to sleep.
(present perfect- past perfect)
They
said, " we have seen tiger in forest."
They said
that they had seen tiger in forest.
(present perfect continuous-past perfect
continuous)
My friend
said, " I have been playing since morning."
My friend
said that he had been playing since morning.
(simple past-past perfect)
Kamala
said, " I played cricket last night." Kamala said that she
had played cricked the previous night.
(past continuous- past perfect continuous)
The
children said, " we were dancing for two hours."
The
children said that they had been dancing for two hours.
(shall-should)
She said,
" I shall want to see her."
She said
that she should want to see her.
He said,
" I shall be going tomorrow."
He said
that he should be going the next day.
(will-would)
Mohan
said, " He will have fallen asleep"
Mohan
said that he would have fallen asleep.
Ritu
said, " She will have been practicing judo."
Ritu said
that she would have been practicing judo.
Conjunctions:
|
Statement |
Interrogative |
Imperative |
Exclamatory |
|
“That” |
“If/ whether” |
“To / Not To” |
“That” |
Changing of Reporting Verb:
|
Statement |
Interrogative |
Imperative |
Exclamatory |
|
Said-told Says-tell |
Said-asked Say-ask |
Order Command Advice Suggest Request Warn |
Wish Exclaim Exclaimed with joy Exclaimed with sorrow |
Exercise:
1. I said. “I am happy.”
2. You said, “We are learning our lesson.”
3. He said, “I am not to blame.”
4. She said, “I do not care for him.”
5. They said, “We trust in God.”
6. I said to him, “You are always late.”
7. You said to me, “You may go.”
8. Sheela said to us, “You must work hard.”
9. Ram said to me, “Sita does not like meat.”
10.
I said to him, “He
must not tell lies.”
11.
He said to me, “Let
us go for a walk.”
12.
You said to me, “Let
us play now.”
13.
He said to me, “Do
you play hockey?”
14.
I said to her, “Are
you leaving tonight?”
15.
Ram said to me, “What
are you doing?”
16.
The teacher said to
me, “Which is your pen?”
17.
He said, “Hurrah! I am
the first.”
18.
She said, “Congratulations.”
Answers:
1. I said that I was happy.
2. You said that you were learning your lesson.
3. He said that he was not to blame.
4. She said that she did not care for him.
5. They said that they trusted in God.
6. I told him that he was always late.
7. You told me that I might go.
8. Sheela told us that we must work hard.
9. Ram told me that Sita did not like meat.
10.
I told him that he
must not tell lies.
11.
He proposed to me that
we should go for a walk.
12.
You proposed to me
that we should play now.
13.
He asked me if I played
hocky.
14.
I asked her if she
was leaving that night.
15.
Ram asked what I was
doing.
16.
Ram asked me what I was
doing.
17.
The teacher asked me
which my pen was.
18.
She congratulated me.
